Probing the Role of the Barrier Layer in Magnetic Tunnel Junction Transport

Magnetic tunnel junctions with a ferrimagnetic barrier layer have been studied to understand the role of the barrier layer in the tunneling process - a factor that has been largely overlooked until recently. Epitaxial oxide junctions of highly spin polarized La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and Fe3O4 electrodes with magnetic NiMn2O4 (NMO) insulating barrier layers provide a magnetic tunnel junction system in which we can probe the effect of the barrier by comparing junction behavior above and below the Curie temperature of the barrier layer. When the barrier is paramagnetic, the spin polarized transport is dominated by interface scattering and surface spin waves; however, when the barrier is ferrimagnetic, spin flip scattering due to spin waves within the NMO barrier dominates the transport.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

Extremal Optimization at the Phase Transition of the 3-Coloring Problem

We investigate the phase transition of the 3-coloring problem on random graphs, using the extremal optimization heuristic. 3-coloring is among the hardest combinatorial optimization problems and is closely related to a 3-state anti-ferromagnetic Potts model. Like many other such optimization problems, it has been shown to exhibit a phase transition in its ground state behavior under variation of a system parameter: the graph's mean vertex degree. This phase transition is often associated with the instances of highest complexity. We use extremal optimization to measure the ground state cost and the ``backbone'', an order parameter related to ground state overlap, averaged over a large number of instances near the transition for random graphs of size $n$ up to 512. For graphs up to this size, benchmarks show that extremal optimization reaches ground states and explores a sufficient number of them to give the correct backbone value after about $O(n^{3.5})$ update steps. Finite size scaling gives a critical mean degree value $\alpha_{\rm c}=4.703(28)$. Furthermore, the exploration of the degenerate ground states indicates that the backbone order parameter, measuring the constrainedness of the problem, exhibits a first-order phase transition.Comment: RevTex4, 8 pages, 4 postscript figures, related information available at http://www.physics.emory.edu/faculty/boettcher

Jamming Model for the Extremal Optimization Heuristic

Extremal Optimization, a recently introduced meta-heuristic for hard optimization problems, is analyzed on a simple model of jamming. The model is motivated first by the problem of finding lowest energy configurations for a disordered spin system on a fixed-valence graph. The numerical results for the spin system exhibit the same phenomena found in all earlier studies of extremal optimization, and our analytical results for the model reproduce many of these features.Comment: 9 pages, RevTex4, 7 ps-figures included, as to appear in J. Phys. A, related papers available at http://www.physics.emory.edu/faculty/boettcher

Exhaustive enumeration unveils clustering and freezing in random 3-SAT

We study geometrical properties of the complete set of solutions of the random 3-satisfiability problem. We show that even for moderate system sizes the number of clusters corresponds surprisingly well with the theoretic asymptotic prediction. We locate the freezing transition in the space of solutions which has been conjectured to be relevant in explaining the onset of computational hardness in random constraint satisfaction problems.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Activity interventions to improve the experience of care in hospital for people living with dementia: a systematic review

Background: An increasingly high number of patients admitted to hospital have dementia. Hospital environments can be particularly confusing and challenging for people living with dementia (Plwd) impacting their wellbeing and the ability to optimize their care. Improving the experience of care in hospital has been recognized as a priority, and non-pharmacological interventions including activity interventions have been associated with improved wellbeing and behavioral outcomes for Plwd in other settings. This systematic review aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of activity interventions to improve experience of care for Plwd in hospital. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in 16 electronic databases up to October 2019. Reference lists of included studies and forward citation searching were also conducted. Quantitative studies reporting comparative data for activity interventions delivered to Plwd aiming to improve their experience of care in hospital were included. Screening for inclusion, data extraction and quality appraisal were performed independently by two reviewers with discrepancies resolved by discussion with a third where necessary. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated where possible to support narrative statements and aid interpretation. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria (one randomized and five non-randomized uncontrolled studies) including 216 Plwd. Activity interventions evaluated music, art, social, psychotherapeutic, and combinations of tailored activities in relation to wellbeing outcomes. Although studies were generally underpowered, findings indicated beneficial effects of activity interventions with improved mood and engagement of Plwd while in hospital, and reduced levels of responsive behaviors. Calculated SMDs ranged from very small to large but were mostly statistically non-significant. Conclusions: The small number of identified studies indicate that activity-based interventions implemented in hospitals may be effective in improving aspects of the care experience for Plwd. Larger well-conducted studies are needed to fully evaluate the potential of this type of non-pharmacological intervention to improve experience of care in hospital settings, and whether any benefits extend to staff wellbeing and the wider ward environment.This article is freely available via Open Access. Click on the Publisher URL to access it via the publisher's site.Funding was provided by the Health Services and Delivery Research programme of the National Institute for Health Research, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) South West Peninsula, now recommissioned as NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) South West Peninsula. The funding body had no role in design of the study, analysis and interpretation of the data or writing of the manuscript.published version, accepted version, submitted versio

The dynamics of proving uncolourability of large random graphs I. Symmetric Colouring Heuristic

We study the dynamics of a backtracking procedure capable of proving uncolourability of graphs, and calculate its average running time T for sparse random graphs, as a function of the average degree c and the number of vertices N. The analysis is carried out by mapping the history of the search process onto an out-of-equilibrium (multi-dimensional) surface growth problem. The growth exponent of the average running time is quantitatively predicted, in agreement with simulations.Comment: 5 figure

Diagnosis of tuberculosis in groups of badgers: an exploration of the impact of trapping efficiency, infection prevalence and the use of multiple tests

Accurate detection of infection with Mycobacterium bovis in live badgers would enable targeted tuberculosis control. Practical challenges in sampling wild badger populations mean that diagnosis of infection at the group (rather than the individual) level is attractive. We modelled data spanning 7 years containing over 2000 sampling events from a population of wild badgers in southwest England to quantify the ability to correctly identify the infection status of badgers at the group level. We explored the effects of variations in: (1) trapping efficiency; (2) prevalence of M. bovis; (3) using three diagnostic tests singly and in combination with one another; and (4) the number of badgers required to test positive in order to classify groups as infected. No single test was able to reliably identify infected badger groups if 80% sensitive, at least 94% specific, and able to be performed rapidly in the field

Random Costs in Combinatorial Optimization

The random cost problem is the problem of finding the minimum in an exponentially long list of random numbers. By definition, this problem cannot be solved faster than by exhaustive search. It is shown that a classical NP-hard optimization problem, number partitioning, is essentially equivalent to the random cost problem. This explains the bad performance of heuristic approaches to the number partitioning problem and allows us to calculate the probability distributions of the optimum and sub-optimum costs.Comment: 4 pages, Revtex, 2 figures (eps), submitted to PR

Extremal Optimization of Graph Partitioning at the Percolation Threshold

The benefits of a recently proposed method to approximate hard optimization problems are demonstrated on the graph partitioning problem. The performance of this new method, called Extremal Optimization, is compared to Simulated Annealing in extensive numerical simulations. While generally a complex (NP-hard) problem, the optimization of the graph partitions is particularly difficult for sparse graphs with average connectivities near the percolation threshold. At this threshold, the relative error of Simulated Annealing for large graphs is found to diverge relative to Extremal Optimization at equalized runtime. On the other hand, Extremal Optimization, based on the extremal dynamics of self-organized critical systems, reproduces known results about optimal partitions at this critical point quite well.Comment: 7 pages, RevTex, 9 ps-figures included, as to appear in Journal of Physics